Life in Colonial America

Colonial carpenters made things out of wood. Furniture was one of thing they made. They also repaired things. They worked on things for the farm and home. There were different kinds of carpenters. There were joiners, turners, and cabinet makers.

Joiners could make cabinets. Cupboards, dressers, and tables were other things they made. They also made bedsteads, and trundle beds. They were called joiners because of the kind of work they did. They joined or fit pieces of wood together. Two things they made were candle boxes and candle stands. Candle stands were used to set the candles on. Candle boxes were used to store candles. When candles were not used, they were put away in boxes. There was a good reason to put the candles away. When they did not put them away, critters would eat them. The critters liked to eat the tallow.

Some carpenters were called turners. Turners used a machine to make legs for chairs and tables. The machine was called a lathe. A lathe would spin the wood around. As the wood spun they cut it into round pieces of furniture.

Some cabinet makers could do very good work. They were some of the finest carpenters in the colonies. They made very nice cabinets.

Tools of the carpenter were: saws, chisels, gouges, hammers, awls, planes, gimlets (small drills), froes, mallets, and lathes.

At Colonial Williamsburg carpenters rebuilt James Anderson’s old blacksmith shop and armory (Also spelled armoury). It was a project that ended in November 2013. This was a place where they made weapons. The weapons were used by the colonists in the Revolutionary War. The armory was rebuilt to look like it did in the 1700’s. Carpenters did the work. Guess how many shingles it took? It needed 16,000 wood shingles. The Cyprus shingles were individually made. Think of all of the nails it took. If each shingle took one or two nails, there would be thousands and thousands of nails to make. Think of how much time it would take for a blacksmith to make all of those nails.

Often brickmakers were not skilled in the trade. They were laborers, slaves, indentured servants, and former convicts. They would make and fire bricks. Three of Thomas Jefferson’s slaves assisting a molder could make 2,000 bricks in a day. His slaves made the bricks at his home at Monticello.

Steps to make bricks-
1. Mix clay and water with your feet
2. Put clay in molds
3. Remove from mold and let dry for a week on sand beds
4. Place in drying shed for six more weeks
5. Stack in kilns and fire for six days (a finger width apart); The kilns are tended day and night. Temperatures reach 1,850 degrees Fahrenheit. In Colonial Williamsburg they would stack 20,000 bricks in kilns.
6. Then, bricks cool for a week. Half of bricks are well baked. Many are under baked and must be used for interior walls. Those that are over baked are called ‘clinckers.’

This person made and sold hats and other clothing. The other clothing could be many things. Milliners would sell dresses. They sold cloaks and mantles. They might also sell pins. Or, they sold gloves and petticoats. They could sell a thousand different things. ‘Mille’ is a word that comes from Latin. It means thousand. Milliner stores had many different things to sell. Many of the things were types of clothes. They also sold things that went with the clothes. The extra things to wear are called accessories. They are the extra things that go along with one’s clothes.

Milliners would have the latest style. Styles changed often in colonial times. The colonists seemed hungry to know and follow the latest fashion. Hats could change style as many as 17 times in a two year period.

Women were found in many of the trades. They were especially in the millinery business and were usually running them.

This was a trade that practiced medicine. Doctors and pharmacists worked in this trade. The job a doctor does is to help sick people. Those who a doctor helps are called patients. Doctors would go to a patient’s home to see them. Pharmacists would get and make medicine. They would then sell the medicine in stores. Their stores were called apothecaries.

Sometimes colonial doctors operated on patients. It was usually done in the patient’s home. They did not use anesthetics. This means they did not use drugs to take away the pain. Some people might think that doctors in the colonies used alcohol to take away pain. That was not true. Doctors knew that alcohol thins the blood. When doing surgery doctors would have family members hold patients down. They would also have patients bite on a lead ball. They did not know at the time that lead was not good for the health. Biting on a ball helped a patient with the pain.

Many colonists died before they got old. A cause of early deaths was infection. An infection is a disease or sickness. How did infections spread? Some infections were spread from the tools colonial doctors used. While the tools were cleaned, they were not sterilized. To sterilize means to clean something from any germs. Today we sterilize tools that doctors use. This kills harmful germs and bacteria.

Training doctors was not easy. New doctors needed to learn and practice their skills. Some who were learning to be doctors wanted to cut open dead human bodies. To cut open a body is called to dissect. They would dissect a body to learn more about it. However, there were laws against this. Because of the laws, sometimes they would dissect the dead body of a criminal. Some also tried to secretly get bodies that had just died. They did this by robbing fresh or new graves. It was called grave robbing. This was also against the law.

Some tools of this trade were the mortar and pestle. They would also have tools for surgery, knives, saws, and pliers.

Bloodletting was something doctors would do. A doctor would drain blood from a patient to get rid of the bad things in the blood. They thought this helped a sick person. George Washington may have died because of bloodletting. It was used on him just before he died.

Diseases and Medicine

Plants were used to make some medicines. It is interesting to learn about what some plants were used for many years ago. They were used to help patients get better. What kinds of medicines do we have today? How are they used?

Foxglove- This flower can kill a person. It was used in colonial times to help people with heart problems.

Yarrow- Was used for wounds.

Jesuit's Bark- Was also called quinine and was used for malaria and other purposes

Knit Bone or Comfrey- This is a flower (B. blue blossom) that was used to make a mix that could go on the skin and it helped bones to heal.

Dandelion- A flower that helped heal gout, dropsy, and worms

Ipecacuanha- The name we use now is ipecac. It is a laxative.

Chalk- Was used for upset stomachs; Ginseng, perppermint, and chamomile was also used for upset stomachs.

A wheelwright was an important trade in the colonies. Wheelwrights made carriage and wagon wheels. Carpenter and blacksmith skills were needed to be a wheelwright.

What did it take to make a wagon or carriage wheel? The wheels were made of wood and metal. The wheels had axles, bearings, hubs, spokes, and rims. Wheelwrights made these parts. An axle is the rod in the center. A wheel turns around it. Bearings, made of metal, go between the axles and the hubs. Wood hubs fit around the bearings, and the spokes go between the axles and the rims. Rims, the very outside edge of the wheel, were made of an iron band.

It was very important that wheels were round. Wheels needed to be measured exactly. Sloppy work did not fit on the axle right. Careful work made a smoother ride. The wheels also needed to be sturdy, or strong. Colonial roads were often rough and bumpy.

Tools needed: A lathe, reamer, chisel, and some hammers.

The outside, iron edge of a wheel was put on in an interesting way. After the spokes and axle were made, an iron hoop would be put on the outer edge of the wheel. The blacksmith or wheelwright would make a hoop just the right size but would not quite go on. The hoop would then be heated so it would expand and then be forced over the outside edge of the wood rim. Metal expands when it is heated. To get it on a big hammer was used. Once the hoop had been forced on, cold water was poured on the hot iron to quickly cool it. The cooling metal would then shrink and bind the hoop to the rest of the wheel.

Ship- and boat-building became one of the largest colonial trades. Shipbuilding is also one of the oldest trades in our country. By 1750 nearly half of the ships in the colonies were built here.

The northeast was a prime spot for shipbuilding. In early colonial days there was plenty of timber, and the coast was long. It had deep and sheltered harbors with plenty of fish. New England was a good place for a shipping industry. Trading and doing business expanded because of these conditions.

Some of the things shipwrights did were as follows:
• Dried the wood as it was needed
• Sawed the wood
• Hammered nails and rivets
• Painted on finish
• Did needed fixing and repairs

Other trades that worked along with shipbuilders were also needed. They worked together. Ropes and sails were needed for the new ships. They also needed mechanics, whalers, and candle makers. There were many shipping needs. The demand for ships and boats grew quickly. The number of workers needed in these other trades also got larger.

Axes and adzes were two of the tools that shipwrights used in their building. Did you know that they usually used wood fittings on the boats and ships? Iron fittings were not used because they made the wood rot.

Tailoring means the ‘art of cutting.” It is the cut of the fabric that makes clothes fit. Most cloth was not made in the colonies. People would buy material and then take it to the tailor to have their clothes made. Cloth was the largest import in the colonies. In the largest cities, tailors were in the largest trade.

The tools of this trade were: scissors, buttons, cloth, thread, needles, stays, and pin cushions.

A fine dress in the 18th century was costly. Cloth in colonial times was expensive. Usually dresses were made to last 15 years or more. Rather than buy a new dress, many would mend or update the one they already had. One thing a woman would do to update a dress was to add trim to it. Tailors and milliners were used to make these changes.

An interesting part of colonial clothing was something called stays. Stays were made and used as part of women’s clothing. They were short thin sticks or rods (or bones) that were sown into the corset. Stays were used to make a women’s waist look more slender. They were also used to help little boys have good posture. Stays were used for the boys until they were three or four years old.

There were many shoe shops in the colonies. They had a great need for them. Jamestown had shoemaking by 1610. In the mid 1600’s, Virginia passed laws that every county had to have shoemakers. Shoemakers made and repaired boots and shoes.

It took a day to have a pair of shoes made. If you wanted to just buy a pair, you could just do that too. Many shoes were imported.

A shoemaker was not the same as a cobbler. A shoemaker could make a pair of shoes from scratch. A cobbler only repaired shoes. It took about five more years to become a shoemaker.

Sewing on shoes was done with blunt needles and flax cord. Two needles were used on a single thread of flax, each needle at opposite ends. The needles were threaded from opposite sides. This double stitch with flax cord or thread made the work four times stronger than a machine stitch.

A few tools were required for shoemaking. Shoemakers would use blunt needles, awls, stitching clamps, and lasts. Awls were used to punch holes for the stitching. A large clamp was held on the lap. The clamp was used to hold different pieces of leather together while stitching. Lasts were wood forms to hold the shoe in place. The cost of the tools one would need was only about the cost of a pair of shoes.

Shoemakers would use leather to make the shoes. In order to get the leather, tanneries were needed to make and treat leather. The shoemaking and tanning industries were both strong in the colonies.

There were no electric lights in the colonies. At night, colonists used candles and lanterns. One who made candles was called a chandler. Chandlers would also make soap and other household supplies.

Colonists made candles from tallow. They made tallow by cooking animal fat. When it was cooked for a long time the fat melted. Next, they strained the fat. This cleaned it up. The hot runny tallow was then ready to make candles.

Another thing that was used for candles was lard. Lard is fat from a pig. Colonists and chandlers prepared lard like they did tallow.

To make candles, Chandlers used wicks in the candles. A wick is the thick thread inside the tallow. There were several ways to make the candles. One thing they did was dip the wicks in the hot tallow. After dipping the wicks, chandlers would let the wax cool and dry. To build up the candles they kept dipping and then cooling the wicks. Candles were also made by pouring the tallow into molds that had wicks in them.

Benjamin Franklin's father was a candle maker. At a young age Franklin worked with his father to make the candles they would sell.

Did you know that candles were put away, into boxes, after using them? There was a good reason they did this. When they did not put them away, critters would eat the candles. The critters liked to eat the tallow.

Someone who made or repaired guns was a gunsmith. Guns have a stock, a barrel, a hammer, and a trigger. One type of gun is a rifle. A rifle is shot from the shoulder and has a long barrel. A pistol is another type of gun. It is small and is held in the hand. It has a short barrel.

In this trade a colonial gunsmith made the parts of a gun and put them together. The stock was made of hard wood. The lock and barrel were made of metal. They would be cast or forged. To cast something meant to take hot, liquid metal and pour it into a cast. The cast was a mold that was in the shape they wanted. Then they let it cool. To forge meant to heat metal very hot. Then, it was shaped by beating on it with a hammer. After a gun was cast it might also be machined. To machine something meant to cut into it to make the final shape. The parts were then put together. The trigger, lock, and hammer were attached or put on the stock. The barrel was put on also. It took skills from several trades to make guns.

Tools needed: Woodworking and foundry tools.

Gunsmiths were prized craftsmen because of how they needed to know many trades to do their job. A gun had to be made well so it could shoot what it needed to hit. A good gun was worth a year’s wages of a skilled craftsman.

One of the things gunsmiths knew how to do was to harden and temper metal. Hardening and treating the locks and barrels made those parts tougher. The hardened and tempered metal would hold up better and last longer.

The phrase ‘lock, stock, and barrel’ means ‘all of it.’ If you give away or sell all of something that has several parts, you could say, “It’s all yours, lock, stock, and barrel.”

Blacksmiths made things from metal. They would heat bars of iron until they were yellow or red hot. Then, they would pound them into shapes. This is called forging, hammering heated metal. Tongs, like pliers, were used to hold the hot metal. The hammer was used for pounding on the heated metal. With one hand they held the piece of metal with the tongs. In the other they held the hammer for pounding. The metal got so hot that it was a yellow/red color.

Colonial blacksmiths mostly made repairs. The repairs were on tools and metal things. Good quality tools were made more cheaply in England. At first, colonial blacksmiths did not make horse shoes. As time went on they started making horseshoes. Then, industrialization took place and took away the jobs blacksmiths used to do. Did you know that blacksmiths made nails? How do you think they could make them?

The blacksmith’s tools were:
• An oven
• Bellows
• Hammers
• tongs
• An anvil
• And soft coal

Those in the cooper trade made barrels and buckets. There are different kinds of barrels. Some barrels are called casks. Bigger barrels had other names. A firkin was the 11-gallon size. The kilderkin was the 16 to 18-gallon size. And, the hogshead was the 63-gallon size. A tight cooper made barrels for liquids. A slack cooper made them for dry goods.

Barrels and buckets were important to the colonists. They were used to store and carry goods. A story about Sir Francis Drake is an example of this. In 1587 he destroyed hundreds of thousands of staves. Staves are the pieces of wood used to make barrels. He did this to hurt the Spanish Armada. Drake could have made an attack on the towns and homes on the Spanish Cape. Instead he got rid of the staves. When the Armada sailed the next year the sailors got sick. This happened because they did not have the barrels they needed. Without the barrels the food and water went bad.

The wood staves have to bend to make a barrel. Do you know how the cooper gets them to bend? The staves are heated over a stove or torch-type cup or bowl. The heat makes it easier to bend the pieces of wood.

Steps to make a cask or barrel:
1. First, trim and shape the staves.
2. Next, place the staves inside the bottom set of hoops.
3. Then, heat the staves so they will bend more easily.
4. Next, bend the staves into place.
5. Then, push the bands over the staves on the top side.
6. And finally, cut grooves into the staves to fit on the barrel head.

Tools needed: broadaxes, planes, drawknives, and hammers.

A printer wrote and put on paper the words that people read. Printers printed newspapers, notices, and documents. They even printed money. Printers printed things that needed many copies made. Did you know that a printer’s type, or letters, had to be set “upside down and backward?” This is what printers have to do. It had to be printed that way so the page could be read.

Benjamin Franklin was a printer. As a boy, he began learning the printing business. He became an apprentice under his brother. It did not work out for him. Franklin left working for his brother. /p>

Then, Franklin went to Philadelphia and worked as a printer there. He later started his own printing business. He was in printing for many years.

Poor Richard’s Almanac was one thing that Franklin wrote and printed. The almanac was a book that was printed each year. It had calendars and information about many things. It said things about the weather, the stars, and tide schedules. It also had interesting facts, funny things, and proverbs (ideas that teach lessons). An example of one of his proverbs is, “Early to bed, Early to Rise, Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.” The almanac also had interesting stories. They were written as a series. That means that the next one continues from the last one.

The colonists wanted to buy the book to find out what would happen.

Tools used: Type, compartment box, galley, string, chase, and a platen.

An apprentice in the colonies was someone that went to work for a craftsman or artisan. This was done in order to learn a trade. To learn a trade meant to learn a skill to be able to do a type of job. The apprentice who learned a trade was usually a boy. He often learned the trade while living with the master. The student or student’s family would pay the master. They would pay for a place to stay. They also paid for the food and clothes. The learner could have to work for the master six days a week. This training could last five or six years.

Benjamin Franklin was a printer. As a boy, he began learning the printing business. He became an apprentice under his brother. It did not work out for him. Franklin left working for his brother. /p>

To learn a trade a set of tools was needed. The master would often get these for the apprentice. At first, the work was often very plain and dull. An apprentice unloaded boxes and cleaned the shop. He would also sweep the floors and run errands. Sometimes he waited on customers. He helped with what things needed to be done. He often learned math. Math skills would help to run his own business someday. He also learned to read. They learned well enough to be able to read the Bible. At the end of the apprenticeship, usually the master paid the apprentice a small cash amount. When deciding about being an apprentice, parents would often assist their sons in deciding on what trade to do.

Many apprentices would live above or in the shop where they learned and worked. Usually he would open the shop. He would light a fire on cold mornings, gather wood, and haul water. He would run many errands and do many odd jobs around the place. Over time the work of the trade was introduced, taught, and learned.

When an apprentice’s training was finished he became a journeyman. A journeyman would then go out and get a job in that skill or trade. Some would go out and start their own business.

At the end of an apprenticeship in England many new journeymen could not just go out and open their own shops. There were some things that had to take place. A journeyman had to be approved. The guild (union) for that trade had to allow or okay this new tradesman. The alderman of the town also had to approve it. Aldermen were the leaders of a town. They had to decide if the marketplace needed another master of that skill in that area. England’s economy was tight. Sometimes a new journeyman would have to wait to be approved. Sometimes the apprentice could not move on unless he would marry his master’s daughter. Some did not want to do that. Or, there may have been a son of the master that got to move up before the apprentice.

In America there was a need for skilled workers. Mass production in England produced many cheap goods. Americans bought many of those tools and goods. After a while those goods started to wear out. Trades in the colonies needed journeymen who could repair things. Making the repairs was cheaper than buying new tools and goods. This became an opportunity for many workers. It also became a good reason to come to America. Skilled workers were needed. That meant work and jobs.

The guild system was also not in place here. This made it easier to get into a trade. If a journeyman had the means (money and skills) he could become a master in this country. The trades and crafts needed young workers who would learn and work in that trade. Many apprentices learned the skills needed for a trade or craft.

References:

Carpenter-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools by Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor pp. 252-253

Text Readability:
ATOS - 4.9
Flesch-Kinkade- 5.2

Notes:

Brick Maker-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools by Eric Sloane Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor

Text Readability:
ATOS - 4.9
Flesch-Kinkade- 4.6

Notes:

Milliner-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor

Text Readability:
ATOS - 4.9
Flesch-Kinkade- 4.1

Notes:

Apothecary-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor

Text Readability:
ATOS - 4.9
Flesch-Kinkade- 3.8

Notes:

Wheelwright-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor; Wheelwright- p. 258; Blacksmith (forging p. 244)

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.74
Flesch-Kinkade- 4.3

Notes:

Shipwright-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor;
https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/ships.htm;
http://lowellsboatshop.com/boats/custom-built-boats/how-we-build/

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.3
Flesch-Kinkade- 5.2

Notes:

Tailor-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor- p. 254 (Cost of a dress, updating dresses);

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.2
Flesch-Kinkade- 5.2

Notes:

Shoemaker-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/dayInTheLife/webactivities/dress/dress.cfm (Colonial dress);
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor, Shoemaker- pp. 238-239

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.5
Flesch-Kinkade- 5.1

Notes:

Chandler-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.2
Flesch-Kinkade- 4.7

Notes:

Gunsmith-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor, Gunsmith- p. 244

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.1
Flesch-Kinkade- 4.4

Notes:

Blacksmith-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor, Blacksmith (forging p. 244)

Text Readability:
ATOS - 4.9
Flesch-Kinkade- 3.9

Notes:

Cooper-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor, Cooper- pp. 246, 247

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.5
Flesch-Kinkade- 4.2

Notes:

Printer-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor

Text Readability:

ATOS - 5.0
Flesch-Kinkade- 5.7

Notes:

Apprentice-
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/13-colonies-colonial-life-economics-politics.html;
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/colonialtimes.htm;
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradehdr.cfm;
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/;
A Museum of Early American Tools, Eric Sloane;
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin;
The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America by Dale Taylor, Apprentice- pp. 236, 237

Text Readability:
ATOS - 5.4
Flesch-Kinkade- 5.0

Notes:

Image Credits:

Tool Shed- Tool-Shed- by Gordon Johnson from Pixabay 5257180_1280

Carpenter-
Plimoth Plantation house and roof from Christie Allred from her visit there 2018-11-21 14.09.18;
Plane by Dominique Chappard- Openclipart.org;
Bed, chair, and chest of drawers from "Colonial America" by Scientific American through University of California Libraries- Wikimedia Commons pd 14780701944

Brick Maker-
Brick wall from Pixabay-1511089_1920;
Brick Mold for the New Kingdom period 1400 BC from the Metropolitan Museum of Art 799px-25.3.108- Wikimedia Commons;
Bricks by blancagsagasti- Openclipart.org

Milliner-
Milliner and customer by François Boucher- Wikimedia Commons;
Milliner- by Eva Gonzalès - The_Milliner- Wikimedia Commons;
Hat-Calash by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons

Apothecary-
Doctor-Medical-Caduceus 2 by Fadookie- Openclipart.org;
Mortar and Pestle Tools by Glitch- Openclipart.org;
Foxglove in bloom drawing by Hendrik Goltzius 1592 -800px- From the National Gallery of Art 94900 through Wikimedia Commons;
Dandelion by Pearson Scott Foresman through Wikimedia Commons 507px;
Comfrey from biodivlibrary- Wild flowers east of the Rockies p 284 – 8229936123 through Wikimedia Commons

Wheelwright-
Wagon loaded with supplies in blacksmith shop in the restored Nauvoo Village - In container used for weather treating wheel (personal photo);
Wagonwheel by Firkin- Openclipart.org;
Hammer by PeterM- Openclipart.org;
Tongs by unknown author- Openclipart.org

Shipwright-
Ship-Brig 3 by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons;
Axe-300px by Pnx- Openclipart.org;
Adze by Frederick Thomas Hodgson- Wikimedia Commons;
Rope-300px by Frankes- Openclipart.org

Tailor-
Under skirt-Crinoline-stiffened-underSkirt to make petticoat stand out 2 by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons;
Scissors by nicubunu- Openclipart.org
Needle and Thread by Inkscape- Openclipart.org;
Basic Thimble by J4p4n- Openclipart .org;
Dressmaking-KKimatas by Susan- Openclipart.org;
Regency-underclothes -stays from Book of English Trades- Wikimedia Commons

Shoemaker-
Shoe - 18th Century Mules- Wikimedia Commons;
Shoemaker-346px- from the Library of Congress LCCN92500396.tif- Wikimedia Commons;
Shoemaker Tools - photo by Demitry Demidov old-4878742_1920 through Pixabay

Chandler-
Candle Box MET 97375 from the Metropolitan Museum of Art by Wikimedia Commons;
Candlesticks 2 by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons;
Soap Bar by Jhnri4- Openclipart.org;
Chandler dipping wicks from A little Jack of All Trades by William Darton from Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University 14598475519 through Wikimedia Commons;;
Candle and Bible 2 -300px by Phillip Barrington- Openclipart.org

Gunsmith-
Flintlock by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons;
Gun -revolver- by Johnny Automatic- Openclipart.org;
Musket-1766-Charleville by Sejan- Wikimedia Commons

Blacksmith-
Blacksmith by Albert Brument- Wikimedia Commons;
Forge by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons;
Hammer by PeterM- Openclipart.org;
Tongs by unknown author- Openclipart.org

Cooper-
Cooper- Barrel by Liftarn- Openclipart.org;
Wooden Bucket by Handsendo- Openclipart.org;
Pioneer barrel at Carthage Jail, Missouri;
Barrel by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons

Printer-
Printing-1093509_1920 by Jane Gooch- Pixabay;
Printing press at Creation Museum in Petersburg Kentucky- Wikimedia Commons;
Poor Richard’s Almanack 1739- Wikimedia Commons;
Printing-awl-and line-710096_1920 by Willi Heidelbach- Pixabay

Apprentice-
Apprentice shoemaker from The Band of Hope Review 1861-67 and Childs Paper Vol 2 1853 London SW Patridge Parker Collection BF- divergentpathsstafford- Wikimedia Commons;
Negotiations of Apprenticeship by Mark Shechtman- Private Collection- Beer-Sheva Israel;
Barrel by Pearson-Scott-Foresman- Wikimedia Commons;
Saw by Dominique Chappard- Openclipart.org;
Plane by Dominique Chappard- Openclipart.org